Ch. 13 Test (Open Book, Open Notes, Group Test)

Completion
Complete each statement.

Figure 13–6

	1.	In Figure 13–6, A, B, and C are three types of ____________________.

	2.	In RNA, _______________ is the sugar in the nucleotide.

	3.	A eukaryotic gene consists of regulatory regions, a(an) ____________________, and the nucleotide sequence that is transcribed.

	4.	During transcription,  _________________________  binds to DNA and assembles nucleotides into a strand that is complementary to the DNA template.

	5.	The order of nitrogenous bases in DNA determines the order of ____________________ in proteins.

	6.	The codon that signals the end of a growing polypeptide is called a(an) __________________.

	7.	The tRNA bases called the ____________________ are complementary to three consecutive nucleotides on an mRNA molecule.

	8.	Two cellular processes,  _____________ and _____________, are the main activities described in the central dogma of molecular biology.

	9.	Suppose that part of an amino acid sequence of a protein changed from tyrosine-proline-glycine-alanine to tyrosine-histidine-glycine-alanine. This change was most likely caused by a point mutation called a(an) ____________________.

	10.	Insertions and deletions that change the entire genetic message that comes after the mutation are called ____________________.

Figure 13–7

	11.	Mutant 1 in Figure 13–7 is the result of a(n) ________________ because part of the chromosome reverses direction.

	12.	The element bromine can cause a genetic change, so bromine is called a ___________________.

	13.	The lac repressor releases the operator in the presence of ____________________.

	14.	In eukaryotes, transcription factors attract RNA polymerase by binding to ____________________ sequences in DNA.

	15.	A mutation in a series of genes called ____________________ can change the organs that develop in specific parts of an embryo.

Short Answer

Figure 13–6

	1.	What is molecule B in Figure 13–6, and what is its function?

	2.	What are the three main parts of an RNA nucleotide?

	3.	What might be the effect of a mutation in the promoter sequence of a gene?

	4.	What must happen to a DNA molecule before RNA polymerase can begin to assemble nucleotides into a new RNA strand?

Figure 13–2

	5.	According to Figure 13–2, what codons specify the amino acid glycine?

	6.	How many amino acids could be specified if codons consisted of two nucleotides instead of three? What problem would this present for an organism making proteins using all 20 amino acids?

	7.	Within a cell, where does translation take place?

Figure 13–8

	8.	Describe the functions of the three kinds of RNA illustrated in Figure 13–8.

	9.	What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

	10.	What is a polyploid organism?

	11.	What is one beneficial mutation that has happened in humans?

	12.	Why is it beneficial for E. coli to have the ability to regulate the expression of the lac genes, rather than just express them all the time?

	13.	How does miRNA function to help block gene expression?

	14.	Explain why the Hox genes that are found in different animals are so similar to each other.

	15.	How do internal and external factors work together to regulate gene expression in the metamorphosis of a frog?

Other

Figure 13–9

	1.	Infer From which labeled structure in Figure 13–9  is structure D made? Identify that labeled structure.

	2.	Interpret Visuals Identify structure F in Figure 13–9. What does it specify?

	3.	Interpret Visuals What is structure E in Figure 13–9? What does it specify?

	4.	Predict What would happen to structure F in Figure 13–9 if structure C were deleted?

	5.	Predict In Figure 13–9, what effect would the deletion of structure C have on the process that occurs during step Y?

Figure 13–10

	6.	Interpret Visuals What process is illustrated in Figure 13–10?

	7.	Interpret Visuals Identify structure C in Figure 13–10.

	8.	Interpret Visuals Which labeled structure in Figure 13–10 is a codon?

	9.	Infer What is the relationship between the codons and anticodons? How is this relationship important to the structure of proteins? Use Figure 13–10 to explain your answer.

	10.	Predict In Figure 13–10, what will happen after the ribosome joins the methionine and phenylalanine?

Figure 13–5

	11.	Classify What term describes the general type of mutation occurring in A, B, C, and D in Figure 13–5?

	12.	Interpret Visuals In Figure 13–5, which process or processes involve two chromosomes?

	13.	Compare and Contrast Contrast process A and process B in Figure 13–5.

	14.	Interpret Visuals During which process in Figure 13–5 does a segment of a chromosome become oriented in the reverse direction?

	15.	Interpret Visuals In Figure 13–5, which process is a translocation?