Ch. 13 Study Guide

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____	1.	RNA contains the sugar
a.	ribose.	
b.	deoxyribose.	
c.	glucose.	
d.	lactose.	

____	2.	Unlike DNA, RNA contains
a.	adenine.	
b.	uracil.	
c.	phosphate groups.	
d.	thymine.	

____	3.	Which of the following are found in both DNA and RNA?
a.	ribose, phosphate groups, and adenine	
b.	deoxyribose, phosphate groups, and guanine	
c.	phosphate groups, guanine, and cytosine	
d.	phosphate groups, guanine, and thymine	

Figure 13–1

____	4.	Which nucleotide in Figure 13–1 indicates the nucleic acid above is RNA?
a.	uracil	
b.	guanine	
c.	cytosine	
d.	adenine	

____	5.	Which of the following is true?
a.	RNA is usually single-stranded.	
b.	DNA is usually single-stranded.	
c.	DNA contains uracil.	
d.	RNA contains thymine.	

____	6.	Which type of RNA brings the information in the genetic code from the nucleus to other parts of the cell?
a.	rRNA	
b.	tRNA	
c.	mRNA	
d.	RNA polymerase	

____	7.	Which of the following is true of transcription?
a.	In eukaryotes, transcription takes place in the cytoplasm and requires many enzymes.	
b.	RNA polymerase recognizes and binds to specific regions of the DNA called introns.	
c.	RNA editing removes the exons from pre-mRNA, leaving only the introns in the final molecule. 	
d.	RNA polymerase can make many  molecules of RNA from a single DNA sequence. 	

____	8.	Which of the following statements is true of eukaryotic DNA?
a.	A promoter is part of an intron.	
b.	An intron is part of a promoter.	
c.	Introns are sequences of DNA.	
d.	Exons are edited out of pre-mRNA.	

____	9.	Which molecules are involved in protein synthesis?
a.	transfer RNA, introns, and mutagens	
b.	messenger RNA, introns, and ribosomal RNA	
c.	ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA, and mutagens	
d.	messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA	

____	10.	From which molecules are mRNA molecules transcribed?
a.	tRNA	
b.	rRNA	
c.	DNA	
d.	proteins	

____	11.	What is produced during transcription?
a.	RNA molecules	
b.	DNA molecules	
c.	RNA polymerase	
d.	proteins	

____	12.	During eukaryotic transcription, an RNA molecule is formed that is
a.	complementary to both strands of DNA.	
b.	identical to an entire single strand of DNA.	
c.	double-stranded and inside the nucleus.	
d.	complementary to part of one strand of DNA .	

Figure 13–2

____	13.	What does Figure 13–2 show? 
a.	anticodons	
b.	exons	
c.	introns	
d.	the genetic code	

____	14.	How many nucleotides are needed to specify three amino acids?
a.	3	
b.	6	
c.	9	
d.	12	

____	15.	There are 64 codons and 20 amino acids. Which of the following is true?
a.	Several different codons can specify the same amino acid. 	
b.	Each codon specifies a different amino acid.	
c.	Some amino acids have no link to a codon.	
d.	Each amino acid is specified by only one codon. 	

Figure 13–3

____	16.	In Figure 13–3, which amino acid is specified by the mRNA code CCC?
a.	Gly	
b.	Lys	
c.	Ala	
d.	Pro	

____	17.	According to Figure 13–3, which code specifies the same amino acid as UAU?
a.	UAC	
b.	UAA	
c.	UGC	
d.	UGU	

____	18.	A promoter is a
a.	binding site for DNA polymerase.	
b.	binding site for RNA polymerase.	
c.	start signal for replication.	
d.	stop signal for transcription.	

____	19.	What happens during translation?
a.	Messenger RNA is made from a DNA code.	
b.	The cell uses a messenger RNA code to make proteins.	
c.	Transfer RNA is made from a messenger RNA code.	
d.	Copies of DNA molecules are made.	

____	20.	Which of the following terms is LEAST closely related to the others?
a.	spindle fiber	
b.	tRNA	
c.	polypeptide	
d.	anticodon	

____	21.	During translation, the type of amino acid that is added to the growing polypeptide depends on the
a.	codon on the mRNA and the anticodon on the rRNA. 	
b.	anticodon on the mRNA and the anticodon on the tRNA.	
c.	anticodon on the rRNA and the codon on the mRNA. 	
d.	codon on the mRNA and the anticodon on the tRNA.	

____	22.	A protein is being assembled when
a.	DNA is being translated.	
b.	RNA is being transcribed.	
c.	RNA is being translated. 	
d.	DNA is being transcribed. 	

____	23.	Genes contain instructions for assembling
a.	operons.	
b.	nucleosomes.	
c.	proteins.	
d.	mutagens.	

____	24.	Which is the correct sequence of the transfer of information in most organisms?
a.	protein to DNA to RNA	
b.	RNA to DNA to protein	
c.	DNA to RNA to protein	
d.	RNA to protein to DNA	

____	25.	What is an exception to the central dogma of molecular biology?
a.	Viruses sometimes transfer information from RNA to DNA.	
b.	Viruses sometimes transfer information from DNA to RNA.	
c.	Viruses sometimes transfer information from proteins to DNA.	
d.	Viruses can translate without RNA.	

____	26.	Which of the following best describes the what happens during gene expression?
a.	A cell reads the instructions in DNA and builds a protein based on those instructions.	
b.	A gene is copied many times so that all of a cell’s daughter cells will have their own copy.	
c.	The nucleus of a cell builds cellular proteins based on the sequence of the mRNA code.	
d.	A single gene leaves the nucleus of a cell and travels through the cytoplasm to the membrane.	

____	27.	In eukaryotes
a.	Transcription takes place in the cytoplasm, and translation takes place in the nucleus.	
b.	Transcription takes place in the nucleus, and translation takes place in the cytoplasm.	
c.	Transcription and translation both take place in the nucleus.	
d.	Transcription and translation both take place in the cytoplasm.	

____	28.	A mutation that involves one or a few nucleotides is called
a.	a mutagen.	
b.	an inversion.	
c.	a point mutation.	
d.	a translocation.	

____	29.	Which of the following is a chromosomal mutation?
a.	inversion	
b.	insertion	
c.	point mutation	
d.	substitution	

____	30.	One difference between a gene mutation and a chromosomal mutation is that
a.	A gene mutation affects the DNA of more genes than a chromosomal mutation.	
b.	A gene mutation can involve a insertion or deletion, but cannot result in a frameshift.	
c.	A chromosomal mutation can change the number of chromosomes in a cell.  	
d.	A chromosomal mutation is more likely to be passed on to offspring or daughter cells.	

____	31.	When a chromosome undergoes a deletion mutation, information is
a.	repeated.	
b.	lost.	
c.	reversed.	
d.	transferred. 	

____	32.	Most mutations 
a.	have no effect on an organism.	
b.	are fatal to an organism. 	
c.	are helpful to an organism.	
d.	are harmful to an organism.	

____	33.	What are some characteristics of polyploidy plants?
a.	They tend to be weaker and smaller than diploid plants. 	
b.	They tend to be bigger and stronger than diploid plants. 	
c.	They tend to be weaker, but bigger than diploid plants. 	
d.	They tend to be smaller, but stronger than diploid plants. 	

____	34.	Which of the following statements is true about gene regulation in prokaryotes?
a.	Promoters determine whether a gene is expressed.	
b.	Expressed genes make more DNA.	
c.	DNA-binding proteins determine whether a gene is expressed.	
d.	RNA polymerase regulates gene expression.	

____	35.	In E. coli, the lac operon controls the
a.	breakdown of lactose.	
b.	production of lactose.	
c.	breakdown of glucose.	
d.	production of glucose.	

____	36.	A lac repressor turns OFF the expression of the lac genes by
a.	binding to the promoter.	
b.	DNA polymerase.	
c.	binding to the operator.	
d.	binding to the lac genes.	

____	37.	When E. coli is grown on glucose, and there is no lactose available
a.	lactose molecules bind to the lac repressor.	
b.	the lac repressor binds to the operator of the lac operon.	
c.	RNA polymerase binds to the promoter of the lac operon.	
d.	the lac genes are transcribed into messenger RNA.	

____	38.	Which is involved with the regulation of eukaryotic genes?
a.	operon	
b.	DNA polymerase	
c.	TATA box	
d.	operator	

____	39.	Which of the following is involved in regulating gene expression in prokaryotes, but not in eukaryotes?
a.	operon	
b.	TATA box	
c.	promoter sequences	
d.	enhancer sequences	

____	40.	Gene regulation in eukaryotes
a.	usually involves operons.	
b.	is simpler than in prokaryotes.	
c.	allows for cell specialization.	
d.	includes the action of an operator region.	

____	41.	Specialized cells regulate the expression of genes because they
a.	do not want the genes to become worn out.	
b.	cannot control the translation of proteins.	
c.	do not carry the complete genetic code in their nuclei.	
d.	do not need the proteins that are specified by certain genes.	

____	42.	What regulates the expression of most eukaryotic genes?
a.	miRNA	
b.	transcription factors	
c.	dicer enzymes	
d.	silencing complexes	

____	43.	Hox genes determine an animal’s
a.	body plan.	
b.	size.	
c.	skin color.	
d.	eye color.	

____	44.	In a multicellular organism, nerve cells are different from muscle cells because
a.	each cell type has a unique set of transcription factors and repressors, so it expresses a specific set of genes.	
b.	each type of cell within a multicellular organism contains a different set of genes.	
c.	random events within each cell regulate the expression of genes and result in different genes being expressed in different cells.	
d.	cells gain and lose different genes during embryonic development, so each cell in an adult only has some genes from the original set.	

Figure 13–4

____	45.	The basic body structure of the fly in Figure 13–4 is determined by a cluster of
a.	repressor genes.	
b.	Hox genes.	
c.	polypeptides.	
d.	frameshift mutations.	

Other

Figure 13–9

	1.	Infer From which labeled structure in Figure 13–9  is structure D made? Identify that labeled structure.

	2.	Interpret Visuals Identify structure F in Figure 13–9. What does it specify?

	3.	Interpret Visuals What is structure E in Figure 13–9? What does it specify?

	4.	Predict What would happen to structure F in Figure 13–9 if structure C were deleted?

	5.	Predict In Figure 13–9, what effect would the deletion of structure C have on the process that occurs during step Y?

Figure 13–10

	6.	Interpret Visuals What process is illustrated in Figure 13–10?

	7.	Interpret Visuals Identify structure C in Figure 13–10.

	8.	Interpret Visuals Which labeled structure in Figure 13–10 is a codon?

	9.	Infer What is the relationship between the codons and anticodons? How is this relationship important to the structure of proteins? Use Figure 13–10 to explain your answer.

	10.	Predict In Figure 13–10, what will happen after the ribosome joins the methionine and phenylalanine?

Figure 13–5

	11.	Classify What term describes the general type of mutation occurring in A, B, C, and D in Figure 13–5?

	12.	Interpret Visuals In Figure 13–5, which process or processes involve two chromosomes?

	13.	Compare and Contrast Contrast process A and process B in Figure 13–5.

	14.	Interpret Visuals During which process in Figure 13–5 does a segment of a chromosome become oriented in the reverse direction?

	15.	Interpret Visuals In Figure 13–5, which process is a translocation?